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Rafa was given a surprise $500 bonus and his supervisor told him that if he continued to post numbers as he did that month, he would receive a bonus each month. Rafa was motivated to go all out and do his best every month. This shows the power of


A) positive reinforcement.
B) hygiene factors.
C) the glass ceiling.
D) intrinsic rewards.
E) the halo effect.

F) A) and D)
G) C) and E)

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Compare and contrast job enlargement, job enrichment, and job rotation. Give an example of each.

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Job rotation is intended to alleviate bo...

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According to expectancy theory, instrumentality is


A) the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
B) the value that expected outcomes hold for the person contemplating them.
C) any consequence resulting from performance.
D) the likelihood that a person would repeat an action after receiving negative reinforcement.
E) the likelihood that a person would repeat an action after receiving positive reinforcement.

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

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________ is an example of positive reinforcement.


A) Giving letters of commendation
B) Taking an employee off probation
C) Assigning an unappealing task
D) Giving a threat of punishment
E) Forgetting to say thanks for a favor

F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

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Blake racked up three safety violations in one month and was taken off the construction crew and put in the office, meaning he was no longer eligible for overtime. He pled with his boss, saying he needed the money for rent. Citing that Blake's financial situation was not a concern of the company, he was put in the office until he could demonstrate that safety was a priority. This illustrates


A) growth need strength.
B) punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) extinction.
E) equity theory.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Benny loves his job. It offers him the opportunity to meet lots of people, to work outdoors, and to do things his own way. Benny often jokes that he would be glad to do his job even if he is not given any pay. This sense of fulfillment is an example of


A) extinction.
B) halo effect.
C) egocentrism.
D) intrinsic reward.
E) personalized power.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Nikki reflected on last year's one goal that she established for her department-to achieve $1 million in profit. And she required all staff members to establish this same personal goal-and only this goal-for themselves. Looking back a year later, Nikki realized that her dogged pursuit of a "number" caused her department to fall a year behind in training and new business development. Nikki knows that this focus on one dimension of her business cannot be repeated. For the coming year, she must not establish a ________ goal.


A) single productivity
B) creativity
C) new projects and business
D) knowledge acquisition
E) specific and challenging

F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

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Clifford is the marketing manager in a small firm. In addition to his marketing-related duties, he is also in charge of recruitment. This is an example of


A) social loafing.
B) job enlargement.
C) free riding.
D) low instrumentality.
E) negative reinforcement.

F) D) and E)
G) None of the above

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Goals should be ________ to be motivating.


A) unattainable
B) subjective
C) easy to achieve
D) quantifiable
E) open-ended

F) D) and E)
G) B) and E)

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Select the statement that is supported by equity theory.


A) Inequity causes dissatisfaction.
B) Equity will result in an effort to restore balance.
C) Inequity and the positive feelings it creates may appear anywhere.
D) Equity causes people to doubt their capabilities.
E) Assessments of equity are made objectively.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

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On receiving feedback, one should ideally


A) act defensive.
B) avoid negative emotions.
C) openly show if they are hurt.
D) ignore it.
E) vent out negative emotions.

F) D) and E)
G) A) and B)

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"I truly believe that our quality of work life (QWL) program is vital to our success," said Emil Thorpe, CEO of Thorpe Products. "It improves our effectiveness and productivity, where productivity means much more than each employee's quantity of work output. Productivity also includes


A) turnover, punctuality, creativity, and quality of work."
B) office space, absenteeism, creativity, and quality of work."
C) turnover, absenteeism, creativity, and unity of command.
D) turnover, absenteeism, creativity, and quality of work."
E) turnover, punctuality, civil rights, and quality of work."

F) A) and E)
G) A) and C)

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Damien, project manager for Telmax Construction, reprimanded his superintendent, "Todd, I'm going to have to write you up for not properly securing yourself on that elevated work site. I've written up others, and the crew will be watching to see what I will do." Todd replied, "C'mon, Damien! I've been up there dozens of times, and we're on a tight schedule. There's no time to fool with every safety procedure." In writing up Todd as he did other employees, Damien was implementing


A) extinction.
B) procedural justice.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) instrumentality.
E) expectancy.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and C)

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Distinguish between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Provide examples of each.

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According to McClelland's research, the need for achievement is


A) equivalent to Maslow's safety needs.
B) often perceived negatively.
C) important to most American managers.
D) equivalent to Maslow's social needs.
E) the most complex theory of human motivation.

F) C) and D)
G) None of the above

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Stretch goals are the


A) targets that are exceptionally demanding and novel.
B) set of goals whose primary focus is to protect organizations from being sustainable.
C) targets that merely exhort employees in general terms to improve performance and start doing their best.
D) goals that conflict with people's personal values and interests.
E) goals that are high enough to inspire better performance but at the same time are always unattainable.

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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Alderfer's ERG theory primarily focuses on


A) existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs.
B) existentialism, relativity, and governance.
C) employment, recruitment, and gain sharing.
D) job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment.
E) expectancy, risk, and growth.

F) B) and E)
G) B) and D)

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Bart told his fellow roofer, "I'm telling the boss at the end of the day that I'm quitting. This work is too physically demanding and dangerous for what they're paying me." In the context of the expectancy theory, Bart illustrates


A) high expectancy.
B) high instrumentality.
C) negative valence.
D) low equity.
E) low affiliation.

F) B) and D)
G) A) and C)

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In his second year of managing the accounting department, Drew set a goal for his team to slightly improve its "days billing" from last year's mediocre 36 days to 35.5 days. Midway through the year, Drew is disappointed that the "days billing" has actually worsened, to 37 days. Drew's manager advised Drew that, to motivate his staff to perform at a higher level, Drew should set a goal that is


A) unattainable.
B) subjective.
C) provisional.
D) not quantifiable.
E) more challenging.

F) All of the above
G) A) and C)

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According to McClelland, the most important needs for managers are the needs for


A) achievement, affiliation, and power.
B) existence, relatedness, and growth.
C) motivation and hygiene.
D) equity and fair treatment.
E) self-actualization and ego.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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