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Correlational Designs When the correlation between X and Y is ____, prediction using a Regression equation is most accurate.


A) high
B) low
C) negative
D) positive

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Introduction Both correlational and quasi-experimental designs tend to be high in


A) control of extraneous variables.
B) internal validity.
C) imposition of units.
D) manipulation of antecedents.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Quasi-Experimental Designs The Solomon 4-group design is an extension of the ____ design.


A) cross-lagged panel
B) cross-sectional
C) ex post facto
D) pretest/posttest

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Correlational Designs Conway and Rubin (1991) measured responses to 27 statements about Reasons for watching television and identified six different groups of Statements that were strongly intercorrelated.Which statistical procedure did They use?


A) factor analysis
B) multiple correlation
C) path analysis
D) simple correlation

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Introduction How do quasi-experiments compare with laboratory experiments?


A) quasi-experiments achieve less realism
B) quasi-experiments achieve lower internal validity
C) quasi-experiments achieve higher internal validity
D) both designs achieve comparable internal validity

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Quasi-Experimental Designs In a pretest/posttest design, participants may improve with repeated testing Due to increased familiarity with a test.This problem is called


A) bidirectional causation.
B) practice effects.
C) regression to the mean.
D) the third variable problem.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Introduction Which design do researchers use to study a possible causal relationship Between preexisting antecedent conditions (e.g., smoking) and behavioral Effects (e.g., lung cancer) in human subjects?


A) causal modeling
B) correlational
C) experimental
D) quasi-experimental

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Causal Modeling In a cross-lagged panel design, researchers focus on the ____ to identify A possible causal path.


A) diagonal correlations
B) horizontal correlations
C) regression line
D) vertical correlations

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Introduction Correlational studies are generally ____ in the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and ____ in the degree of imposition of units.


A) low, high
B) low, low
C) high, high
D) high, low

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Causal Modeling Researchers who use path analysis to model causal relationships achieve low Internal validity because


A) no antecedents are manipulated.
B) subjects are selected using nonprobability sampling.
C) there is low imposition of units.
D) all of these

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Causal Modeling Researchers measured body mass index and collected exercise diaries from 250 college students during their freshman and senior years.They Calculated correlations between these variables and found that the largest Diagonal correlation was + .45.Which design did they use?


A) cross-lagged panel design
B) cross-sectional design
C) ex post facto study
D) path analysis

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Quasi-Experimental Designs A researcher wants to study change in student attitudes towards body Piercing across their 4 years of high school.Which quasi-experimental Design should she use?


A) cross-lagged panel design
B) cross-sectional study
C) ex post facto study
D) longitudinal design

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Quasi-Experimental Designs Which study would a researcher use to compare the birth weights of children Whose mothers chose to smoke or abstain from smoking during pregnancy?


A) correlational
B) cross-sectional
C) ex post facto
D) longitudinal

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Correlational Designs The relationship between ____ best illustrates a positive correlation.


A) alcohol consumption and driving performance
B) aspirin use and risk of heart attack
C) exercise frequency and depression
D) wearing seat belts and life expectancy

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Quasi-Experimental Designs Longitudinal designs can be challenging due to


A) extensive time commitment.
B) low external validity.
C) subject dropout.
D) extensive time commitment and subject dropout.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Correlational Designs ____ estimates the amount of variability in scores on one variable that Can be explained by another variable.


A) Multiple correlation
B) Multiple regression
C) Simple correlation
D) The coefficient of determination

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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D

Correlational Designs The coefficient of determination is represented by the symbol


A) d'.
B) r.
C) r 2.
D) R.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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C

Correlational Designs A beta weight reported in multiple regression analysis refers to the


A) importance of a variable as a predictor.
B) intercorrelation among three or more variables.
C) reliability of a variable as a predictor.
D) variability of the predicted variable.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Correlational Designs The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient ranges between


A) 0 and -1.
B) 0 and +1.
C) -1 and +1.
D) -2 and +2.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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C

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to predict hyperactivity scores for children Diagnosed with attention deficit disorder if they know their daily consumption Of both refined sugar and artificial food coloring.


A) factor analysis
B) multiple regression analysis
C) path analysis
D) simple correlation

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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