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If you wanted to study "spending" in an instrumental procedure, you would be interested in


A) the instrumental contingency.
B) the instrumental behavior.
C) the deprivation period.
D) the reinforcer quality.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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According to the response allocation approach, when a rat is hungry, it pushes a lever to get food in order to


A) reduce a physiological drive state.
B) stay as close as possible to an unconstrained baseline of behavior.
C) receive the sensory stimulation of consuming the food.
D) make the species typical response of consuming food.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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The problem with assuming that R-O relationships act alone to produce instrumental behavior is that


A) it is difficult to demonstrate R-O relationships in the laboratory.
B) R-O relationships are theoretical constructs.
C) the R-O relationship does not explain what causes the response in the first place.
D) R-O relationships ignore rg-sg mechanisms.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Briefly describe an experiment that would test the Premack differential probability principle.

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Sally was pushing the buttons of a video game to earn gold pieces when she heard the bicycle-bell belonging to her cruel older brother, signaling that he was home.According to the two-process theory, she will push the buttons


A) more rapidly.
B) less rapidly.
C) at the same rate.
D) more rapidly at first and then less rapidly.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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An instrumental contingency results in increased performance of a target instrumental response.According to the response allocation approach, this increase is due to


A) behavioral regulatory mechanisms that function to minimize deviations from the optimal distribution of responses.
B) an animal's attempts to earn as many reinforcers as possible, given the time constraints.
C) changes in the physiological drive state of the organism during response deprivation.
D) activation of dedicated brain pathways sensitive to response contingencies.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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According to Premack's theory,


A) reinforcement is dependent on species typical responses.
B) protecting physiological homeostasis motivates behavior.
C) high probability responses reinforce lower probability responses.
D) the likelihood of all instrumental responses is the same.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments are designed to explore


A) the effects of omission control procedures.
B) the effect of rg on the instrumental response.
C) the development of the rg-sg expectancy.
D) the effects of a CS on instrumental behavior.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following theories views an instrumental contingency as a disruption of distribution of responses from free baseline?


A) drive reduction theory
B) the response allocation approach
C) the response deprivation hypothesis
D) optimal foraging theory

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Two-process theory predicts that instrumental responding will decrease if


A) the central emotional state reflects a negative mood.
B) the central emotional state was conditioned with an aversive stimulus.
C) the central emotional state was conditioned with an appetitive stimulus.
D) the conditioned central emotional state is opposite to the emotions that motivate instrumental behavior.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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The distribution of responses that occurs in the absence of restrictions is called


A) the unrestricted baseline.
B) the Premack principle.
C) the Premack baseline.
D) the behavioral deprivation point.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Hull and Spence added a classical conditioning component to Thorndike's Law of Effect by suggesting that the presence of stimuli S


A) elicits the response.
B) elicits an expectation of the response.
C) elicits the outcome.
D) elicits an expectation of the outcome.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Intuition suggests that subjects make responses in order to receive a particular outcome.What evidence is there of R-O associations in animals?

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A rat is first trained to press a lever for food reinforcement.Then, a tone is sounded and a brief footshock is delivered.Lastly, the rat is again allowed to press the lever for food, and the experimenter records how the rat's lever pressing behavior changes when the tone is sounded.This researcher is employing


A) a Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedure.
B) an omission control procedure.
C) a blocking procedure.
D) negative reinforcement procedure.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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According to the two-process theory, emotional states


A) develop from an association between the stimuli S and the instrumental response.
B) are characteristic of the peripheral nervous system.
C) only act to suppress behaviors, as in CER procedures.
D) do not invariably lead to particular responses.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The bliss point can be identified by


A) the relative frequency of behavior under instrumental constraint.
B) the relative sensory input under instrumental constraint.
C) the relative sensory input in an unconstrained situation.
D) the relative frequency of behavior in an unconstrained situation.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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A child who chewed very little gum was fitted with braces and cannot chew gum at all.Now, the child's friends can reward mischievous behavior in the child by sneaking the child pieces of gum.Which of the following theories best accounts for the ability of gum chewing to reinforce other behaviors in this child?


A) drive reduction theory
B) the response deprivation hypothesis
C) the Premack principle
D) the differential probability theory

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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In economic concepts of response allocation, "prices" are equivalent to


A) instrumental schedules.
B) instrumental behaviors.
C) instrumental rewards.
D) instrumental spending.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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According to the response allocation approach, imposing an instrumental contingency


A) establishes a new physiological drive state.
B) activates dedicated brain regions sensitive to reinforcement.
C) disrupts the distribution of responses from free baseline.
D) causes increased attention to sensory reinforcement.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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What are the primary contributions of economic concepts to the understanding of the motivational bases of instrumental behavior?

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