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Thirsty pigeons are presented with keylight-water pairings and begin to peck the keylight. Once keypecking develops, the birds are allowed to drink freely. Their keypeck behavior drops off dramatically. This suggests their response to the key is mediated by


A) S-S learning.
B) S-R learning.
C) second-order conditioning.
D) R-R learning.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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The comparator hypothesis predicts that the best means of extinguishing inhibitory responding is to


A) present the CS+ with the US.
B) present the CS+ alone.
C) present the CS- alone.
D) present the CS+ and CS- together without the US.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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What, if any, limits are there on the kinds of stimuli that can serve as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning?

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According to Kamin, the blocking effect occurs because of which choice below?


A) Stimulus B fully predicts the US, and the subject habituates to stimulus A.
B) Stimulus B predicts the US, and the subject is not surprised by the arrival of the US in later trials.
C) Stimulus A predicts the US, and the subject is not surprised by the arrival of the US in later trials.
D) Stimulus A does not predict the US, and the animal is startled by the arrival of the US in later trials.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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A researcher mistakenly makes the CS in his experiment slightly resemble a female quail in a study of sexual conditioning in male quail subjects. Due to this mistake, he is likely to find which of the following?


A) Conditioning proceeds more slowly because of CS pre-exposure effects.
B) Conditioning proceeds more rapidly because of increased salience.
C) Conditioning proceeds more slowly because of a lack of difference in biological strength between the CS and US.
D) There would be little effect because the US usually controls the rate of learning.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Hungry pigeons are presented with numerous tone-food pairings. The same birds are then presented with keylight-tone pairings and begin to peck at the keylight. Once keypecking develops, the birds are allowed to eat freely. Their keypeck behavior does not change. This suggests their response to the key is mediated by


A) S-S learning.
B) S-R learning.
C) R-R learning.
D) R-S learning.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The blocking effect demonstrates which of the following?


A) that temporal contiguity is sufficient for associative learning
B) that CS-US pairings are sufficient for associative learning
C) that contiguity and CS-US pairings, when they occur together, are sufficient for associative learning
D) that CS-US pairings are insufficient for associative learning

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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D

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, extinction is which of the following?


A) learning a new association
B) imposing an inhibitory stimulus on an excitatory stimulus
C) undoing a conditioned association
D) a process of habituation

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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C

Studies that have used live rats as the CS paired with a food-US on trials presented to other rats demonstrate which of the following?


A) The shape of the CR can be determined by the UR.
B) The shape of the CR can be determined by the US.
C) The shape of the CR can be determined by the CS.
D) The shape of the CR can be independent of other stimuli.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Compare the relative-waiting-time hypothesis and the comparator hypothesis. Include the similarities and differences of the theories and each theory's strengths and weaknesses.

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How might a researcher determine whether conditioned responding is due to S-S or S-R learning?


A) run test trials with a novel CS
B) run test trials with a novel US
C) change the value of the CS
D) change the value of the US

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following regions organizes active defensive behaviors needed for fight and flight?


A) the dorsolateral PAG
B) the ventral PAG
C) the hippocampus
D) the pontine nucleus

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The concept of conditioned diminution of the UR challenges the stimulus substitution model because it suggests which of the following?


A) The CR and UR can be the same form and the same strength.
B) The CR and UR can be the same form but not the same strength.
C) The CR and UR can be opposing in form.
D) The CR and UR are unrelated.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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The Rescorla-Wagner model assigns the associative value of _____ to a stimulus that is a fully conditioned inhibitor.


A) lambda
B) 1\2 lambda
C) 0
D) lambda.

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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In fear conditioning studies, non-human primates learn fear


A) to fear relevant cues fastest because of genetic predispositions.
B) to non-fear cues fastest because of CS preexposure effects.
C) to flowers fastest because of US preexposure effects.
D) at the same rate for all CSs because of the importance of learning about aversive stimuli.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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B

Which is true in a sensory preconditioning experiment?


A) Only the US elicits a strong, relevant response.
B) Only the CS elicits a strong, relevant response.
C) Neither of the stimuli being associated elicits a strong relevant response.
D) Both of the stimuli being associated elicit a strong relevant response.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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When live rats were used as the CS in Pavlovian food conditioning trials presented to other, subject rats, the subject rats treated the CS rats in a manner


A) predicted by the stimulus substitution model.
B) predicted by the compensatory-response model.
C) predicted by the US devaluation learning model.
D) not predicted by any of the other answers presented here.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following is a function of preexposure to the CS or the US?


A) has little effect on later associative learning
B) facilitates later associative learning
C) retards later associative learning
D) CS-preexposure facilitates later associative learning; US preexposure retards later learning.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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The best evidence regarding sucrose pellets is


A) they can only serve as a CS.
B) they can only serve as a US
C) whether they serve as a CS or US is relative.
D) none of the above

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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What evidence suggests that drug tolerance may be in part due to classical conditioning mechanisms? Does this evidence challenge stimulus substitution models?

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