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Discuss the types of reasoning researchers use to build theories.

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At the abstract, conceptual level, a the...

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A set of prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about events, for analyzing empirical evidence, and for predicting events yet unknown is called the _____.

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A researcher is using income, education, and zip code as an indication of social class. This process of identifying the actual measurement scales to assess social class is called _____.

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The process of identifying the actual measurement scales to assess the variables of interest is called _____.


A) operationalizing
B) synthesizing
C) verifying
D) conceptualizing

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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_____ involves applying statistics to data to test hypotheses.

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Which of the following is an empirical assessment of a concept?


A) hypothesis
B) variable
C) construct
D) item

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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Knowledge and confirmation are the two purposes of theory.

A) True
B) False

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Psychologists explain that humans' better recall of information that is presented visually compared to information presented verbally is due to the fact that the information is stored both visually and verbally. Because it is stored using this dual-coding process, it is easier to retrieve from memory. This formal logical explanation of this phenomenon is an example of a(n) _____.


A) theory
B) construct
C) operationalization
D) abstraction

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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As concepts become more abstract, the easier it is to measure them.

A) True
B) False

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If all the trees a person has seen in his life have been green and therefore he concludes that all trees are green, which type of reasoning is he using?


A) deductive reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) generalized reasoning
D) conceptual reasoning

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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The term inherent construct refers to a concept that is not directly observable or measurable.

A) True
B) False

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The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general is called the _____.


A) conceptual hierarchy
B) ladder of abstraction
C) conceptual progression
D) operationalization of constructs

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Anything that may assume different numerical values is considered a(n) _____.


A) variable
B) construct
C) item
D) data point

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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A researcher is testing the hypothesis stating a positive relationship between business owners' level of risk tolerance and the insurance coverage for the business. To test this, the researcher uses a set of prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about these two constructs, for analyzing empirical evidence gathered through surveys, and for predicting future behavior. This researcher is following the _____.


A) hypothetical method
B) scientific method
C) deductive method
D) inductive method

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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The logical process of establishing a general proposition on the basis of observation of particular facts is known as _____.


A) deductive reasoning
B) generalized reasoning
C) inductive reasoning
D) conceptual reasoning

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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What is the LAST step in the application of the scientific method?


A) assessment of relevant existing knowledge of a phenomenon
B) proposal of an explanation of the phenomenon and statement of new problems raised by the research
C) design of research to test the hypothesis
D) acquisition of meaningful empirical data

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general is called the _____.

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ladder of ...

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The scientific method is a set of prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about events, for analyzing empirical evidence, and for predicting events yet unknown.

A) True
B) False

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A formal, logical explanation of some events that includes predictions of how things relate to one another is known as a(n) _____.

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In theory development, the level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as an idea or a quality apart from an object is the ____ level.

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