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Two unrelated individuals are 99.9% similar.Since the human genome consists of roughly 3 billion bases, these two individuals will have _____ bases that are different.


A) 3 million
B) 3 billion
C) 1 million
D) 300 million
E) This number cannot be calculated from these data.

F) A) and E)
G) D) and E)

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The following microarray data are shown for four human genes.Two samples were hybridized to the microarray in this experiment.One sample was cDNA generated from mRNA of a tissue culture cell line that was originally derived from a B-cell leukemia.The other sample was cDNA generated from normal, mature neural tissue. - Vertical stripes mean hybridization to cancerous B-cell cDNA only. - Horizontal stripes mean hybridization to normal neural cell cDNA only. - Completely filled in means hybridization to both cDNA types. - Blank means hybridization to neither cell's cDNA. The following microarray data are shown for four human genes.Two samples were hybridized to the microarray in this experiment.One sample was cDNA generated from mRNA of a tissue culture cell line that was originally derived from a B-cell leukemia.The other sample was cDNA generated from normal, mature neural tissue. - Vertical stripes mean hybridization to cancerous B-cell cDNA only. - Horizontal stripes mean hybridization to normal neural cell cDNA only. - Completely filled in means hybridization to both cDNA types. - Blank means hybridization to neither cell's cDNA. One spot on the microarray contains sequences unique to a gene for an RNA polymerase subunit.One spot contains sequences unique to the skeletal muscle myosin gene.Which spot would be expected to contain the RNA polymerase gene sequences? A) Spot 1 B) Spot 2 C) Spot 3 D) Spot 4 E) None of the spots One spot on the microarray contains sequences unique to a gene for an RNA polymerase subunit.One spot contains sequences unique to the skeletal muscle myosin gene.Which spot would be expected to contain the RNA polymerase gene sequences?


A) Spot 1
B) Spot 2
C) Spot 3
D) Spot 4
E) None of the spots

F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

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What is the main difference between map-based sequencing and whole genome shotgun sequencing?

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In general, map-based sequenci...

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A linear DNA fragment is cut with a restriction enzyme to yield two fragments.How many restriction sites are there for the enzyme in this fragment?


A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) Cannot be determined with this information.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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In the following list of cloned fragments, the fragments needed to make the longest possible contig with the least amount of overlap are: In the following list of cloned fragments, the fragments needed to make the longest possible contig with the least amount of overlap are: A) A, B, F. B) A, B, C, E. C) B, C, D, F. D) B, C, D, E, F. E) A, B, C, D, E, F.


A) A, B, F.
B) A, B, C, E.
C) B, C, D, F.
D) B, C, D, E, F.
E) A, B, C, D, E, F.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and B)

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Compare the fields of structural, functional, and comparative genomics.What is the purpose of each?

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Structural genomics is concerned with th...

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Describe one major difference in the organization or content of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.

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(1)Prokaryotic genomes generally have le...

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Which of the following statements about eukaryotic genomes is TRUE?


A) A substantial part of the genomes of most multicellular organisms consists of protein-coding sequences.
B) People differ, not only at millions of individual SNPs, but also in the number of copies of many larger segments of the genome.
C) In humans, the number of proteins is approximately equal to the total number of genes.
D) There is a directly proportional relationship between the size of a eukaryotic organism and the number of genes it has.
E) The number of genes among multicellular eukaryotes is related to phenotypic complexity.

F) A) and D)
G) None of the above

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How much of the human genome codes for proteins?


A) Less than 2%
B) Approximately 24%
C) Approximately 50%
D) Approximately 74%
E) More than 82%

F) B) and C)
G) B) and D)

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How is the microbiome involved in obesity?


A) Lean people have fewer Firmicutes than obese people.
B) Obese people have fewer Firmicutes than lean people.
C) Obese people are able to extract more calories from their food because of their Firmicutes.
D) Lean people have fewer Firmicutes than obese people, and obese people are able to extract more calories from their food because of their Firmicutes.
E) Obese people have fewer Firmicutes than lean people, and they are able to extract more calories from their food because of their Firmicutes.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and E)

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As set of overlapping DNA fragments that form a contiguous stretch of DNA is called a:


A) chromosome.
B) sequence.
C) map.
D) contig.
E) clone.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and E)

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How has the study of microbiomics shed light on the understanding of obesity?

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One study examined the gut microflora of...

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After genomics, scientists turned to proteomics because:


A) even though DNA sequences are important, they do not tell the whole story of the organism.
B) they figured out everything there was to know about DNA.
C) proteins were deemed more important than DNA.
D) proteins are easier to study.
E) there are less proteins than there are genes, and they are thus easier to study.

F) All of the above
G) None of the above

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The following microarray data are shown for four human genes.Two samples were hybridized to the microarray in this experiment.One sample was cDNA generated from mRNA of a tissue culture cell line that was originally derived from a B-cell leukemia.The other sample was cDNA generated from normal, mature neural tissue. - Vertical stripes mean hybridization to cancerous B-cell cDNA only. - Horizontal stripes mean hybridization to normal neural cell cDNA only. - Completely filled in means hybridization to both cDNA types. - Blank means hybridization to neither cell's cDNA. The following microarray data are shown for four human genes.Two samples were hybridized to the microarray in this experiment.One sample was cDNA generated from mRNA of a tissue culture cell line that was originally derived from a B-cell leukemia.The other sample was cDNA generated from normal, mature neural tissue. - Vertical stripes mean hybridization to cancerous B-cell cDNA only. - Horizontal stripes mean hybridization to normal neural cell cDNA only. - Completely filled in means hybridization to both cDNA types. - Blank means hybridization to neither cell's cDNA. The gene sequences contained in spot 2 are present only in the B-cell cancer sample.What is a possible function for this gene, based on the microarray data? A) This gene may be involved in neurotransmitter release at the synapse since B cells are known to be involved in cell-to-cell signaling. B) This gene may be involved in activating cell growth, so it is switched on in the cancer cell line that is growing rapidly. C) This gene is involved in the immune function of the B cell because that is the cell type from which this cancer line was initially derived. D) This gene may be involved in neurotransmitter release at the synapse since B cells are known to be involved in cell-to-cell signaling, and it may also be involved in activating cell growth, so it is switched on in the cancer cell line that is growing rapidly. E) This gene may be involved in activating cell growth, so it is switched on in the cancer cell line that is growing rapidly, and it is also involved in the immune function of the B cell because that is the cell type from which this cancer line was initially derived. The gene sequences contained in spot 2 are present only in the B-cell cancer sample.What is a possible function for this gene, based on the microarray data?


A) This gene may be involved in neurotransmitter release at the synapse since B cells are known to be involved in cell-to-cell signaling.
B) This gene may be involved in activating cell growth, so it is switched on in the cancer cell line that is growing rapidly.
C) This gene is involved in the immune function of the B cell because that is the cell type from which this cancer line was initially derived.
D) This gene may be involved in neurotransmitter release at the synapse since B cells are known to be involved in cell-to-cell signaling, and it may also be involved in activating cell growth, so it is switched on in the cancer cell line that is growing rapidly.
E) This gene may be involved in activating cell growth, so it is switched on in the cancer cell line that is growing rapidly, and it is also involved in the immune function of the B cell because that is the cell type from which this cancer line was initially derived.

F) D) and E)
G) A) and B)

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How are SNPs used to search for genes causing disease?

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When an SNP is physically close to a dis...

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A typical prokaryotic genome has:


A) 1 million base pairs of DNA, containing 1000 genes.
B) 1 million base pairs of DNA, containing a few hundred genes.
C) 1 thousand base pairs of DNA, containing a few hundred genes.
D) 1 thousand base pairs of DNA, containing a few thousand genes.
E) 1 million base pairs of DNA, containing a few million genes.

F) B) and D)
G) None of the above

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Which technique would NOT be used to find a gene for a functional protein in a sequenced region of a genome?


A) Scan the region for ORFs.
B) See if there are restriction sites in the region.
C) See if an SNP database contains sequences in the region.
D) Scan the region for promoter sequences.
E) Scan the region for intron splice sites.

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

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The transcription factor Twist helps specify development of the mesoderm in the Drosophila embryo.You wish to identify other genes that Twist (as a transcription factor)switches on or off.You have wild-type embryos available, as well as embryos that are mutant for the Twist gene.Design an experiment using microarrays that could allow you to identify genes switched on or off by the Twist transcription factor.

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Microarrays allow you to measure the exp...

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You are attempting to generate a physical map of the bacteriophage 位\lambda genome using restriction enzyme digestions.You digest the phage DNA with EcoRI or NcoI or both, and observe the fragment sizes listed below.You know that bacteriophage 位\lambda has a linear, not circular, genome. You are attempting to generate a physical map of the bacteriophage \lambda genome using restriction enzyme digestions.You digest the phage DNA with EcoRI or NcoI or both, and observe the fragment sizes listed below.You know that bacteriophage \lambda has a linear, not circular, genome. How many times does the EcoRI enzyme cut the \lambda DNA? How many times does the NcoI enzyme cut the \lambda DNA? How many times does the EcoRI enzyme cut the 位\lambda DNA? How many times does the NcoI enzyme cut the 位\lambda DNA?

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For a linear piece of DNA, the number of...

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A human gene with a disease phenotype is going to be mapped by positional cloning.Which would be the MOST useful for this task?


A) Information about bacterial homologs of the gene
B) A restriction enzyme map of the human genome
C) Microarray data of tissues in which the gene is expressed
D) Data about the inheritance of SNP markers in families with the disease
E) Whole-genome-shotgun clones of the human genome

F) None of the above
G) B) and D)

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